A Brief Overview of Buddhism Essay - 1338 Words

Buddhism is probably the most tolerant religion in the world, as its teachings can coexist with any other religions. Buddhism has a very long existence and history, starting in about 565 B.C. with the birth of Siddhartha Gautama. The religion has guidelines in two forms in which Buddhist followers must follow. These are the quot;Four Noble Truthsquot; and the quot;Eightfold Path. It all started in about 565 B.C. when Siddhartha Gautama was born. He was a young Indian prince born to the ruler of a small kingdom that is now known as Nepal. Gautamas father was said to have been told by a prophet that if Gautama saw the sick, aged, dead, or poor he would become a religious leader. If he didn’t see these four things he would become an†¦show more content†¦He called this path the Middle Way. quot;Devotion to the pleasures of sense, a low practice of villagers, a practice unworthy, unprofitable, the way of the world [on one hand]; and [on the other] devotion to self- mortifi cation, which is painful, unworthy and unprofitable. By avoiding these two extremes the Buddha has gained knowledge of that middle path which giveth vision, which giveth knowledge, which causeth calm, special knowledge, enlightenment, Nirvana.quot; He cleaned his mind of all evil thoughts and achieved Enlightenment at the age of thirty-five, earning the title Buddha, or quot;Enlightened One.quot; Because of this Gautama then became the Buddha and remained at this spot for many days while remaining in a trance-like state and told his teachings to five ascetics for many weeks. This experience made Gautama feel a desire to share his knowledge with others, so he and his five students preached to the world. Gautama was a teacher and guru until his death in about 483 B.C. Buddhism is a lot like other Indian religions based upon the beliefs. Such as the beliefs in reincarnation, dharma, karma and Nirvana. But mostly in Raja Yoga the profound meditation which holds the key to enlightment an d therefore to the way of Nirvana. Buddha himself expressed the base of his beliefs when he said, quot;I teach only 2 things, O disciples, the fact of suffering and the possibility of escape from suffering. These ideas are expanded upon in the quot;Four NobleShow MoreRelatedAll A False Hood, And Farther From Reality1496 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Emeritus of Philosophy at Brock University, is a general overview of Buddhism and it’s, as the title alludes to, approach regarding overcoming suffering. While the overview is brief, Mayer presents ways in which Buddhism alleviates, or lessens, suffering. However, it should first be noted that Buddhism too, notes suffering as a condition of humanity, â€Å"He [referring to Gautama Sakyamuni, the â€Å"founding father† so to speak of Buddhism] summarized his teachings in what has come to ne known as TheRead MoreThe Foundations Of Buddhism By Rupert Gethin1417 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different definitions and views of Buddhism and many of these views and definitions vary from each other. A quick internet search reveals all the different definitions of Buddhism and some of them may not even be correct or have a scholarly perspective. A five minute Google search reveals one definition which we will take a look at: †¦[T]he Buddhist path can be summed up as: (1) to lead a moral life, (2) to be mindful and aware of thoughts and actions, and (3) to develop wisdom andRead MoreThe Teachings Of The Buddhist Religion962 Words   |  4 Pagesalternate reality. Class closed on the differences that exist between all the other religions that developed in the subcontinent of India. October 22 (attended): Discussion was centered around Buddhism, exploring aspects of the two main schools of thought, Theravada and Mahayana. Going over the pillars of Theravada Buddhism we learned how the religion is structured in such a manner that people do not have to practice in a specific location or to a specific deity, but that the school is very introspectiveRead MoreThis Source Discusses Some Of The Traditional Gender Differences1151 Words   |  5 Pagesarrival of Buddhism and Confucianism, the influence of Shintoism was weakened and women’s roles became more submissive. It was under the Shogunate, particularly the Tokugawa Shogunate, that women lost almost all of their freedom. This source is useful to paper as it shows the changing view of gender and gender roles in ancient Japanese culture. It is not overly specific with particular duties assigned to each gender or with the exact time periods, however, it provides a good overview of the situationRead MoreThe Right Off Interstate 2701527 Words   |  7 Pagestobacco, wheat, corn and flax. In 1878, the Neelsville and Darnestown Presbyterian Churches were served by the same minister. So in order to make traveling easier, local famers built a road to connect the two churches (Germantown s History -- A Brief Overview, 2016). This road became known as Germantown Road. The town got the name â€Å"German Town† because after the road was created, several German immigrants set up shops in town. So it was named after the heavy German accents the people had. The CivilRead MoreBuddha s Brain : The Practical Neuroscience Of Happiness, Love, And Wisdom1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhile someone might infer from th e title that the book is focused on the connection between science and Buddhism, that is not the case. The weight of the book actually deals with the various states of the mind associated with suffering and the ways we can overcome them in psychological growth, spiritual practice, and positive well-being. In the introduction, the authors give a very brief overview of the goal of the book and sums it up very nicely in the very first sentence where they state that theRead MoreMindfulness Based Meditation Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagescan serve as an antidote for mind wandering, and allows insight about oneself, experiencing positive emotions and improving daily learning (Moneyham and Schooler, 2013). Thus, it is through meditation that I recognized mind wandering and have gained brief awareness of the current moment. In retrospect, I realized that my focus was directed away from my body’s position and thus I often felt uncomfortable during sessions. I suffered from poor posture and had much difficulty in keeping the natural positionRead MoreEffects Of Emerging Economies On North America s Economy And The Global Market On A Whole1558 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: This report is intended to brief the reader on the effects of emerging economies on North America’s economy and the global market on a whole. This report provides an overview of the emerging economies of India China; their education, ideological beliefs economic performance and how North America’s way of business is affected. This report was compiled based on articles from reputable sources, such as Bloomberg and articles published within the industry. This report was authorizedRead MoreThousands of years worth of events has shaped one of the worlds most fascinating cultures, which is1500 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese tradition are still today as valuable to the Japanese culture, if not even more. Japan’s unique history and culture has created a place where many dream to go. This essay will identify the characteristics of Japanese culture and provide a brief overview on the cultural traits that makes Japan so significantly different from other cultures. In add ition, the communication aspects and implications that these may have on business practices will be identified and explained. Definition of cultureRead MoreHow Yoga Can Help Relieve The Stress That College Students1656 Words   |  7 Pageswith yoga, and in turn offer solutions to these limitations. First, I will give a brief overview of the history of yoga and explain what it is. The word â€Å"yoga† means to unite or connect. It is a spiritual practice and system of discipline that originated in India approximately five thousand years ago. Although it is most commonly tied to the religion of Hinduism, it also has a presence in other faiths such as Buddhism and Jainism. In the Western world, yoga is widely perceived as a form of physical

The Failure Of The Treaty Of Versailles - 1781 Words

The failure of the Treaty of Versailles in the United States Senate was due to both the opposition of the treaty in liberal and conservative forces, as well as Woodrow Wilson’s stubbornness and incompetence when deciding the final version of the treaty with imperialism, German restrictions, and the League of Nations. As World War I began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, igniting a conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary that snowballed into a war with Great Britain, France, and Russia against Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. When the war was over, the Treaty of Versailles needed to be discussed between the Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States. The European demands from the war were fueled by revenge, and their imperialism countered Wilson’s apparent morality. Although isolationists and Republicans desired to influence the treaty, Wilson had accepted the European demands, and even after altering the treaty for European gain, he di sallowed the treaty from passing twice in the Senate after Henry Cabot Lodge added reservations. Wilson’s influence on the Senate and the Treaty of Versailles led to its defeat in the United States and ultimately the US absence in the League of Nations. The opposition of the Treaty of Versailles rose when the European nations contradicted America’s values of isolationism and moral idealism, with various groups in the United States questioning the treaty and its lenience of European imperialism. BeginningShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty of Versailles: A Complete Failure Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesDecember of 1918, The Allies of Europe met in Versailles to Sign possibly one of the most changing documents in history. The document they signed nearly turned Europe upside down, broke down and put up many new social barriers, and definitely made history. The Document that the allied forces all gathered to sign was known as the Treaty of Versailles. Initially, the treaty intend ed to keep peace between the nations, however, forcing Germany to sign the treaty ended up as one of the worst decisions anybodyRead MoreThe Failure of the Treaty of Versailles Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesupon the aggressor. The result of these differing views is the Treaty of Versailles. But the results of the Treaty of Versailles were less than successful at promoting peace, to say the least. The effects of the treaty on Germany coupled with the American policy of isolationism at the time resulted in the rise of a terrible dictator and the beginning of a war even worse than the first. The United States’ approach to the Treaty of Versailles was shortsighted. At the Paris Peace Conference, leaders’ differingRead MoreThe Successes and Failures of the Treaty of Versailles in Addressing the Causes of Conflict and Restoring Peace and Normality1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe Successes and Failures of the Treaty of Versailles in Addressing the Causes of Conflict and Restoring Peace and Normality To evaluate the successes and failures of the Treaty of Versailles, we need to address the terms of the Treaty as well as to inspect the consequences. The First World War had exposed Germany as a strong and aggressive power, and was viewed as a threat to peace by the victorious powers, so the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which was designed toRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactionsRead MoreThe War I And World War II Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II are the largest military conflicts in history. In 1919, Europe attempted to reconstruct the damage left by WWI. After WWI, with the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was left destroyed and destabilized, which eventually laid out the foundation for WWII. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles led to the aggression of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to bring about peace, but Marshall Foch, g eneralissimo of the Allied Armies in France believed that instead, it was an armisticeRead MoreWorld War I Was One Of The Most Destructive Wars1031 Words   |  5 Pagesthe machine gun and gas warfare, as well as the failure of military leaders to adjust their tactics to the increasingly mechanized nature of warfare. Viewing Germany as the chief instigator of the conflict, the Allied Powers decided to impose particularly harsh terms and conditions upon defeated Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, signed June 28, 1919, did little to shape any sort of long-term peace from the results of World War I. Instead, the treaty, hastily put together, was vague, exposed the Allies’Read MoreEssay on The Causes of World War II1106 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the Treaty of Versailles, to the rise of Hitler, and the failure of the League of Nations, there were many causes that lead up to World War II. World War I left Germany with many shortfalls, thus leaving them in the hands of the Treaty of Versailles. Rather unfair of a Treaty, this left Germany once again looking for another way out. A country resented by many had no other choice but to feel optimistic toward Adolph Hitlers empty promises†¦ making it substantially simple for him to gain powerRead MoreWas the Treaty of Versailles a Success? Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesWas the Treaty of Versailles a success? There are several ways in which the Treaty of Versailles was a success but there are also some which show it was a failure. The treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed after World War One. The treaty was signed in Versailles Palace near Paris-hence its name-between Germany and its Allies. The three most important politicians were David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Woodrow Wilson (USA) also known as ‘The Big Three’Read MoreThe Failure of the League of Nations and the Outbreak of War in 1939913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Failure of the League of Nations and the Outbreak of War in 1939 There are many causes for the outbreak of the Second World War. These include the failure of the League of Nations, the Treaty of Versailles, Hitlers actions and so on. Some of them are more important then others and are mostly linked with another cause. The failure of the League of Nations was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of war. It exposed weaknesses which encouraged Hitler to invadeRead MoreBritish Foreign Policy During The Period From 19191147 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult to determine the success to failure ratio, which focused my attention on the debated failure of three major foreign diplomatic events that’s shaped the course of history. The Treaty of Versailles, The Manchurian Crisis of 1931, and Neville Chamberlin’s appeasement were all long-term failures involving British foreign policy. These â€Å"failures† helped and shaped tension as well as the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles is regarded as one of the biggest flounders

List the fish and invertebrates you selected after the nitrogen cycling process free essay sample

Winning this scholarship will help me attain the goals that I have set for myself after high school. The scholarship would allow me to become one step closer to go to a great medical school and help me achieve my ultimate goal of becoming a neurosurgeon. This scholarship will also help make the colleges that I am considering more affordable, which will increase my chances of meeting my goals. Winning this scholarship can greater my chances of becoming the first person in my intermediate family to go to college right after finishing high school. I am a great pick for this scholarship because I had to move in with my father in the sixth grade after my mother was taken to Central State Hospital. Instead of using this information as an excuse, I use this for motivation and to make my mother proud of what I have become and what I will achieve during the later years of my life. We will write a custom essay sample on List the fish and invertebrates you selected after the nitrogen cycling process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is why I am a excellent choice for this scholarship. Winning this scholarship will help me attain the goals that I have set for myself after high school. The scholarship would allow me to become one step closer to go to a great medical school and help me achieve my ultimate goal of becoming a neurosurgeon. This scholarship will also help make the colleges that I am considering more affordable, which will increase my chances of meeting my goals. Winning this scholarship can greater my chances of becoming the first person in my intermediate family to go to college right after finishing high school. I am a great pick for this scholarship because I had to move in with my father in the sixth grade after my mother was taken to Central State Hospital. Instead of using this information as an excuse, I use this for motivation and to make my mother proud of what I have become and what I will achieve during the later years of my life. This is why I am a excellent choice for this scholarship. Winning this scholarship will help me attain the goals that I have set for myself after high school. The scholarship would allow me to become one step closer to go to a great medical school and help me achieve my ultimate goal of becoming a neurosurgeon. This scholarship will also help make the colleges that I am considering more affordable, which will increase my chances of meeting my goals. Winning this scholarship can greater my chances of becoming the first person in my intermediate family to go to college right after finishing high school. I am a great pick for this scholarship because I had to move in with my father in the sixth grade after my mother was taken to Central State Hospital. Instead of using this information as an excuse, I use this for motivation and to make my mother proud of what I have become and what I will achieve during the later years of my life. This is why I am a excellent choice for this scholarshiWinning this scholarship will help me attain the goals that I have set for myself after high school. The scholarship would allow me to become one step closer to go to a great medical school and help me achieve my ultimate goal of becoming a neurosurgeon. This scholarship will also help make the colleges that I am considering more affordable, which will increase my chances of meeting my goals. Winning this scholarship can greater my chances of becoming the first person in my intermediate family to go to college right after finishing high school. I am a great pick for this scholarship because I had to move in with my father in the sixth grade after my mother was taken to Central State Hospital. Instead of using this information as an excuse, I use this for motivation and to make my mother proud of what I have become and what I will achieve during the later years of my life. This is why I am a excellent choice for this scholarship. p.

Role of Students in Disaster Management in USA free essay sample

A student is a person who is having a great zeal at any subject. Our educational system should include the training programs to the students from school level to rouse the helping nature in them at times of need. A  disaster  is the misfortune of  natural  or  human made perils that negatively affects society. It needs unity in people to come out of that disaster. Thus disaster management plays a major role and youth plays a vital role in getting out the victims as fast as possible. The students can play a major role in disaster management. A disaster can be defined as any tragic event with great loss from events such as  earthquakes, floods,  accidents,  fires, cyclones or  explosions. So military training programmer are being given to students to give them moral education and also for nation’s safety. Role of Students in Disaster Management Training for Students When the students are trained well, they can help in rehabilitation and resettlement of victims at times of floods, earthquakes and drought etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Students in Disaster Management in USA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , . They can play a very important role in disaster management. They can spread awareness to all about the precautions to be taken at times of these national disasters. They will help the victims with basic needs and they will do whatever they can at times of these disasters. It is the duty of the teachers and school management to let them understand their duties and responsibilities during and after the disasters. This will minimise the panicking and uncontrolled disaster to the most extent. We should have to train them  with the knowledge of basic first aid to save lives of millions. Hence, I feel students  Ã‚  play a very important role in disaster management . Role of Students in Disaster Management Students Power Student power cannot be compared and distinguished with any other power. Such a great force is with students. So it is the responsibility of the nation to make utilisation of such powerful resources of   the nation from the students by giving excellent training and social service awareness. Then if there is a disaster they will be  Ã‚  able to protect themselves and others too. With effective disaster management it is possible to minimize the potential risks by developing early warning policies. It helps to repare and implement developmental plans to provide flexibility   to such disasters and also to   mobilize activities including communication and medical services. The students with effective managing role help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reconstruction. Hence, I strongly feel  Educating a student is educating parents Community. Form Student Committees Students can help with disaster preparedness by forming a committee to oversee such actions. Either by a volunteer process or by teacher selection, students can meet monthly and educate themselves on proper disaster management. The team should be given a list of crisis situations and the schools guidelines for taking action. Students can trade ideas on other ways to avoid incidents and maintain order. Keep Other Students Informed Students are often the best source of information for other students. The student disaster management team can put together information to pass on to other students and create posters to hang in the school hallways reminding students of rules and emergency exits. Have them perform skits or presentations to educate their classmates on proper behavior in case of an emergency. You read Role of Students in Disaster Management in USA Students could create pamphlets and fliers that spell out proper emergency procedures and why they should be followed. Hold workshops to teach students ways to avoid crisis situations or how to diffuse a high-stress situation. Students could also set up information booths during lunchtime to answer questions about crisis management and provide further information about their program. Conducting Drills Finally, students can prepare for disasters by holding drills. Students should distribute information informing the school about drills and how to properly act or evacuate. During these drills, students can assist teachers by retrieving or delivering class lists, taking attendance and helping maintain order. Students can also assist in disaster cleanup and preparations for continuing classes elsewhere while the building returns to normal. Through these drills, students prepare themselves for how to behave properly if a real crisis should occur. Students have a major role to play in managing disasters. They can: †¢ Spread awareness about disasters and tips to handle them. Organise mock camps in their holidays in neighboring villages to train people to cope up with disasters like earthquakes †¢ Be part of emergency rescue teams mostly the training goes side by side along with compulsory military training programs (another opinion: Search and rescue is a highly specialized job and should be left to professionals) A big aspect of disaster management is preparedness. The basic role of the student is AWARENESS of what to do during and after disaste rs. This would lessen panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people running around. Knowing what to do when disaster strikes will also lessen the death toll. Knowing what to do after disaster, and at least basic first aid, will enable students help the authorities in saving lives. 1. Prepare a survey schedule detailing the different areas that are posing threats of various natural and manmade disasters in and around your school/home/ community such as a factory/slum/dump yard located nearby. 2. Conduct the survey and analyze the results collected by the group and write a report on the various threats, vulnerability, risk and its management. 3. Develop posters and skits for awareness generation in your locality. Choose any man made or natural disaster which your area may be vulnerable to e. gas leaks, building collapse, rail or road accidents, laboratory accidents, health hazards due to toxic waste disposal, earthquakes, Floods, volcanic eruptions etc. 1. Prepare a survey schedule detailing the different areas that are posing threats due to the various natural and man made disasters in and around your school for example factory/slum/ dump yard located nearby. 2. Collect the data and prepare a report. 3. Develop posters and skits for awareness generation in your school. 4. Make a plan to deal with anyone of the disasters likely to affect your school.

Dream of Scipio essays

Dream of Scipio essays The Dream of Scipio' is an excellent historical novel which portrays a gripping account of three protagonists each placed in a different time frame. The whole plot is woven around the theme of the horrendous crimes that are committed by mankind as civilization succumbs to the dark periods of each era. The pitiable plight of the Jews is neatly bought to the fore by the author. Particularly the author has projected a clear picture of the loss of discriminating capacity that results from religious prejudice. Manlius (fifth century), Oliver de Noyen (fifteenth century) and Julien Barneuve (20th century) are the three main characters who are affected by the disintegration of society and the upsurge of religious intolerance. Pears recounts how Judaism has been the target in all these three periods of civilian unrest and how the rise of Christianity has led to the gradual alienation of the Jews and as to how the politics within the papacy brewed religious opportunism. The whole religious setup was plagued by corruption to such an extent that even the Popes, the cardinals, and the so called leaders of Christian faith contemplated on exterminating a whole group of people (Jews) with a view to political gains. The whole novel is actually a learning process with the distilled wisdom of Sophia, the philosopher influencing and shaping the lives of the three protagonists We find that the Jews were discriminated throughout the history ever since the Roman era when Christianity became the main religion. The insistence on conversion has been so strong right from the Roman period. The loss of intellectual thinking and the discriminatory capacity is obvious as the Jews were incessantly targeted by the Christendom. In the novel we find that Oliver De Noyen discovers for himself that the higher officials of the Christian faith are more interested in religious ...

The Boiling Point of Alcohol

The Boiling Point of Alcohol The boiling point of alcohol depends on which type of alcohol youre using, as well as the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point decreases as atmospheric pressure decreases, so it will be slightly lower unless you are at sea level. Here is a look at the boiling point of different types of alcohol. The boiling point of ethanol or grain alcohol (C2H5OH) at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia, 1 bar absolute) is 173.1 F (78.37 C). Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol): 66 °C or 151 °FIsopropyl Alcohol (isopropanol): 80.3 °C or 177 °F Implications of Different Boiling Points One practical application of the different boiling points of alcohols and of alcohol with respect to water and other liquids is that it can be used to separate them using distillation. In the process of distillation, a liquid is carefully heated so more volatile compounds boil away. They may be collected, as a method of distilling alcohol, or the method may be used to purify the original liquid by removing compounds with a lower boiling point. Different types of alcohol have different boiling points, so this can be used to separate them from each other and from other organic compounds. Distillation may also be used to separate alcohol and water. The boiling point of water is 212 F or 100 C, which is higher than that of alcohol. However, distillation cant be used to fully separate the two chemicals. The Myth About Cooking Alcohol out of Food Many people believe alcohol added during the cooking process boils away, adding flavor without retaining alcohol. While it makes sense cooking food above 173 F or  78 C would drive off the alcohol and leave the water, scientists at the University of Idaho Department of Agriculture  have measured the amount of alcohol remaining in foods and found most cooking methods dont actually affect the alcohol content as much as you might think. The highest amount of alcohol remains when alcohol is added to boiling liquid and then removed from heat. About 85 percent of the alcohol remained.Flaming the liquid to burn off the alcohol still allowed for 75 percent retention.Storing food containing alcohol overnight with no heat applied resulted in 70 percent retention. Here, the loss of alcohol occurred because it has a higher vapor pressure than water, so some of it evaporated.Baking a recipe containing alcohol resulted in alcohol retention ranging from 25  percent (1 hour baking time) to 45 percent (25 minutes, no stirring). A recipe had to be baked 2 hours or longer to bring the alcohol content down to 10  percent or lower. Why cant you cook the  alcohol out of food? The reason is that alcohol and water bind to each other, forming an azeotrope. The components of the mixture cant be easily separated using heat. This is also why distillation isnt sufficient to get 100  percent or absolute alcohol. The only way to completely remove alcohol from a liquid is to boil it away completely or allow it to evaporate until its dry.

Inhalation injuries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inhalation injuries - Research Paper Example Observed increase of cases had been observed in incidents related to fire such as the attack in the World Trade Center wherein 49% of the victims suffered inhalation injury. Based on the WHO data, more than 1 billion people suffer airway and pulmonary inflammation due to different forms of fires (Rehberg et al. 284). The process of heat generation in combustion that produces smoke can cause thermal injury in the upper airway. The soot referred to as particulate matters during combustion can clog and irritate the airways resulting to reflex bronchoconstriction. Other compounds in the form of gas can lead to different types of injury and asphyxiation such as carbon monoxide; hydrogen cyanide; aldehydes (from furniture and cotton); chlorine gas, ammonia, hydrocarbons acids and ketones (from rubber and plastics); and the most common component of smoke phosgene gas (Serebrisky, Nazarian and Connolly 1). The mechanism of the injury can be attributed to the component of the smoke. The effects of smoke inhalation are divided into the effects of the gas phase and the particle phase. Thus, different parts of the respiratory system can be affected by the different components of the smoke namely the upper airway, the tracheobronchial system or lower airway, lung parenchyma, and systemic toxicity. The three types of smoke inhalation injury are thermal injury due to cell injury and pulmonary parenchymal which commonly affects the upper airway, chemical irritation and hypoxemia of the respiratory tract and the systemic toxicity leading to organ damage due to the action of toxic gases (Rehberg et al. 284; Serebrisky, Nazarian and Connolly 1). There are different indications of inhalation injuries such as facial and neck burns, burned lips and vibrissae, soot-containing airway secretions, pathological respiration patterns such as coughing, stridor and hoarseness, dyspnea, cyanosis and neurological symptoms such as unconsciousness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting.

Payment for Ecological Services Lijiang, China Essay

Payment for Ecological Services Lijiang, China - Essay Example The major upper hand with the PES is hinged on its ability to offer short-term benefits that encourages conservation behavior. This prompts and facilitates collaborative participation of the residents in the management of the ecosystem and not being its worst enemy. In the region of Lijiang China, fundamental changes have been effected that include banishment on the inspection of fishing, poaching, hunting and a reduced potential threat upon the well being of the ecosystem. Pagiola, S. & Platais, G. (2003). To enhance sustainable Ecological and Environmental services, the PES scheme in Lijiang China has put more emphasis on comprehending the interlocks between human activities; mainly farming around the Lashihai Lake and the management of the biodiversity in terms of migratory bird's population and the preservation or improvement of water quality for landscape use in Lijiang old town. Rosales, M., & Ruis, J. P. (2004). Since Agriculture is the main activity dependent upon by inhabitants who live around Lashishi Nature reserve. Agriculture and livestock therefore constitutes for more than 70% of the entire economic system around this region. This has also been viewed as a major detriment that has greatly hampered and deteriorated the water flows into the lake. Rosales, M., & Ruis, J. P. (2004). ... (2003). Intercropping A mixed system of crops and fruits is already practiced in some areas around the Lashihai Nature Reserve, and thus can be further encouraged. To increase farmers' profits, one could also encourage the introduction of livestock husbandry, which should reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. Rosales, M., & Ruis, J. P. (2004). Furthermore, in the last scenario, fodder crops intercropped under fruits may help reduce cost of feedstuff used, thus further increasing the attractiveness of this development scenario for individual farmers. One limitation of the model is that it assumes stable prices for the crops, even though, as shown in the figure below, there are some variations. Furthermore, in near the future prices of grain will slightly increase due to the limited cultivated land. Pagiola, S. & Platais, G. (2003). Changing farming Techniques around the lake The chief reason of changing the agricultural practices of farmers around the lake, however, is not to increase their profits, but rather to decrease the impacts that their activities have on the water quality of the lake - and, in turn, on the tourist city of Lijiang. It is thus obligatory to comprehend the stalemate in terms of agricultural production, application of chemical inputs, and water quality in the lake. Pagiola, S. & Platais, G. (2003). Evaluating of the current production data for the region, it appears that current agricultural sector in the Lashihai Nature Reserve is operating underneath competent levels. Pagiola, S. & Platais, G. (2003). Above all, the production of crops are low, even compared to the run of the mill for China, which compares aggregate production per hectare in the Lashihai Nature Reserve to the average for China for selected crops. The

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries Essay Example for Free

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries Essay One of the appalling statistics that came out of a survey in 2000 was the percentage of the HIV/AIDS infections in Africa. It was reported that nearly 80% of the total number of affected people was from this continent. Now if this report sounds dreadful, one might get a bigger shock by looking at the picture of modern healthcare methodologies in Africa. Despite being a developing nation, Africa gets scarcely one percent of modern drugs. The value of all medical drugs transported to Africa amounts to the expenses spent on advertising by the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America. Under the light of this reality, this paper is going to discuss the genuine scenario in developing countries that don’t have an affordable access to life-saving medicines. It might be noted that access to medicines is a fundamental human right, and there is a yawning gap between crisis and cure in a capitalistic social setup. Due to increased political pressure, many drug manufacturing companies have been forced to review their business strategies and produce medicines that are relatively less expensive. Moreover, it is also mandatory to formulate a well-organized delivery system that would ensure a proper and timely delivery of the medicinal goods to Africa and other Third World countries. Modern healthcare remedies are needed to be deployed in order to combat the menace of HIV and other diseases in the underprivileged tropics. (â€Å"Access to Medicine in Developing Countries†, 2000) Access to medicine in developing countries has always been a matter of great disputation, mainly because of the convoluted interaction between macroeconomic development, patterns of diseases and healthcare requirements and provisions. It has been an inescapable paradox for many countries where the national economic status can only be attained by improved health status. Hence, lack of supply of life-saving drugs hinders the scope and opportunity of national healthcare. (â€Å"Improving Access to Medicines in Developing Countries†, 2005) The impoverished countries find it a mammoth task to meet both ends successfully. It has been proposed that only a large scale international funding can inject some fruitful results in the context of healthcare and economic boost. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are working together to provide the best possible framework for improved health status as well as the macroeconomic development of developing nations. WTO is primarily concerned with the organized growth of a capitalist, free market global economy. On the other hand, WHO is focused on improving health conditions by providing healthcare models that can be applied to both developed as well as developing nations. Institutional and public sector frameworks play a crucial role in realizing the objectives of WHO to the best possible extent. The newly incepted Global Health Fund is working relentlessly to provide remedies for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) are held, in some cases, as obstacles for access to essential medicines in developing countries. Ever since WTO finalized the TRIPS agreement in April 1994, this issue has been a matter of great debate. The main problems in accessing medicines, as viewed by experts, are the increasing expenses, which can shoot up to 66% of total expenditure in developing nations. Today’s scenario as far as having access to essential medicines is concerned is an alarming one, with more than one-third of the world’s population are deprived of indispensable drugs. According to the WHO, developing countries, especially those in Asia and Africa, must be provided with an all-encompassing solution in terms of health priority problems, and they must be able to gain access to life-saving medicines at an affordable deal. To make matters worse, the poorer section of societies in developing countries find themselves all at sea due to their inability to physically access life-saving drugs. So both availability and affordability are the key areas of concern. Now under these circumstances, the introduction of strong and worldwide product patents for drugs, as implemented through the TRIPS agreement, may cause drastic increase in prices for essential medicines. The ‘legal monopoly’ that comes with such rigid patent system prevents anybody from producing, selling or distributing medicines in an unauthorized manner. Even if there is no patent laws, access to medicines is going to be a problem for the developing countries, due to adequate purchasing capabilities and required infrastructure. Majority of the medicines for HIV/AIDS are still under ‘live’ patent coverage. It doesn’t make for affordable access to such medicines either. And since more than 95% of HIV/AIDS affected people are from developing countries, and 50% of them belong to the productive age group of below 25 years, serious socio-economic consequences are perceived with very little signs of relief. Before TRIPS were put to effect, most developing countries and some developed countries did not impose patent laws on medicines even if they were manufactured with innovative technological aids. But today, most of these nations being WTO members have to enforce the patent laws laid down by TRIPS. This has led to hike in prices of patented medicines. It is worth noticing that even under the TRIPS guidelines, patents are to be given only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new therapeutic inventions. So any medicine manufactured before 1995 should not be unaffordable for the developing nations. Manufacturers of the newer and more innovative pharmaceutical products file for patents only in countries where business of piracy runs rampant. Parallel import of drugs is another important issue that came into consideration after the TRIPS agreement. The Intellectual Property Rights owners of specific brands of medicines face problems when goods, legally distributed in the market of one country, are imported to another without the necessary legal authorization. Now, as long as there is no discrepancy in Intellectual Property Rights in two different countries, article 6 of TRIPS defends parallel import. But considering the economic side of such imports, it might be noted that price of the same medicine in one country may rise or fall to a great extent in another. So developing countries, without violating the Intellectual Property Rights protection, may find a way out to access essential but expensive drugs from its neighboring countries. (Watal, J. 2000) In addition to what is discussed above, one must bear in mind the supply side process concerning manufacture and distribution of medicines. The specific issue related to accessibility to medicines is directly linked with the development and implementation of more efficient and cost-effective measures in manufacturing and distributing drugs. A number of speculative theories and ideologies have been put forward to address the issue of maximizing the available resources to achieve a standardized health status around the globe. However, the aim of this paper is not to get into a particular ideological standpoint, or to promote distinct solutions, but to gain a deeper insight into the real constraints of manufacturing and distributive activities. One has to take into account the diverse theoretical concepts, the macroeconomic environment of international economics and technological nuances of the pharmaceutical sectors. Once we identify the constraints, it will be easier to suggest feasible solutions in terms of easy and regular access to medicines for the developing countries. The policies adopted by pharmaceutical companies are worth taking a look at.

The Relationship between Rhetoric and Social Conflict :: essays research papers

The Relationship between Rhetoric and Social Conflict In society there are daily occurrences that happen as a result of rhetoric, which then question and mold our individuality. How we react to these responses define us as a society and can then cause us to have a conflict socially. These occurrences challenge our perceptions allowing us to think independently about each issue. Without the linkage of rhetoric and conflict, we would have a difficult time justifying our understanding of these issues. A reaction to rhetoric can also characterize us from each other in a way that creates a singular identity. This individuality combined with the identities of others, make up our community and allow rhetoric and conflict to occur almost naturally. To further explain why rhetoric and conflict are so important we must understand the importance of this issue, in trying to relate everyday activities as examples of rhetoric and conflict. Our Society creates certain rhetorical ideologies, which are contained in social institutions, such as churches, communities, or clubs, in which conformity is a must. These ideologies bring people together to stand behind a common interest and fight for their own beliefs, morals, and values. It is when these social institutions collide with each other that social conflict is formed and problems arise. In order to understand the relationship between rhetoric and social conflict one must be able to define these terms adequately. Rhetoric is the ability to use words effectively in order to receive a response that is either positive or negative. To create a positive response, a person might appeal to the emotions of another who is sympathetic to the situation or who is currently involved with the same experience. They may use familiar experiences and memories to help the response take its shape. An example of this would be in the article ' The Cigarette as Representational Ideograph in the Debate over Environmental Tobacco Smoke'; by Mark Moore. Moore describes both sides of this controversy of smoker and antismoker rights, but when reading this article both sides are conformed to their own beliefs and support them quite well. 'Smokers discuss their rights as an American and their right to liberty, while anti-smoking activists talk about the hazards of second hand smoke discovered by scientific knowledge'; (Moore 48). The ideas of both sides make up an ideology, which is expressed over and over again through their justifications. Only a smoker can sympathize with a fellow smoker when explaining the right to be able to smoke in public.

Inventory management system Essay

Introduction Technology is simultaneously advancing together with what internet offers. Many system made by programmers and companies are innovating people look and need them via internet. One click, thousands results, probably millions or ever billions of different system. One button press brings people to new discoveries and massive enjoyment. A sales and inventory system is a system that can handle a company data. With this system, company will not easily lost their record of items and record of their daily, monthly or yearly income. Some companies have not yet developed their system like this, they still in the handing out of records manually, then write it on in an inventory book. Yet the main problem with the manual inventory is easy to lost, recording is slow and spend a lot time when doing it. With the sales and inventory management system, recording became easy and didn’t spend a lot of time. It can also print a receipt, records of items sold daily, record of stocks and it can add a new item or edit a price or designed. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The proponents design a Point-of-Sale and Inventory System to automate the transaction of ALMER’s Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation. This system helps the client to minimize the time in computing the amount to be paid by the customer and in tracking the supplies of the shop. The system is not a hassle for the client since the proponents designs the system in a user-friendly way. The ALMER’s Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation Point-of-Sale and Inventory System aims to make the work easier and comfortable. Computations and monitoring of the supplies and sales is fastened in this matter. There is consistency in accessing the reports since all transactions are saved in a database that later on generates the appropriate reports. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Companies are using inventory systems for quickly growth and success. Inventory systems have a variety of functions purposes in businesses. Promoting the sales and shrinkage control are two main functions of inventory system. Promoting the sales function deals with availability of sufficient products for the customers where a shrink age control function deals with monitoring the occurrence of damage loss, or theft, etc. of the products. The problem arises in keeping the transaction faster and convenient both in the staff and the customer. At the same time, the report may not be consistent enough since it is in written forms. Since the company is on its early stage, the existing system then is the manual one. A staff is designated in a certain counter of the shop that accepts the item/s purchased by a customer. Using a calculator, that staff computes the total amount due of the customers. That staff using receipt forms produces the official receipt manually. All transactions are managed manually especially the adding and updating the products available in the compay. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study aim to develop a Sales and Inventory Management System of ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation, this was the system that we would like to implement to be able to lessen the company’s human effort, to save materials, products, transaction of the company. This system can also print a receipt for a daily/weekly/monthly/yearly transaction records to serve as the company’s hard copy. It can also check the number of stocks that was recorded in this system every day. Specific Objectives 1. Create a Sales and Inventory system that include saving of stocks, transaction and printing of reports of ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation. 2. Design a Sales and Inventory system that can print receipt for the customer of the company. 3. Test and upgrade the system. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study is about the Sales and Inventory Management System. It is intended for the company wants have to keep their records or files in a long period of time. Adding new item/product: allow users to add a new product Adding of item stocks: only the admin is allow to add the number of stock. Printing of Report: allow users to print all report like weekly sales, all transaction, inventory report Sales and Report: allow user to print a report in daily, between dates and all transaction it also print a report of customer who are buying as installment. Create Transaction: allow user to create a transaction with receipt. Cancel Transaction: allow user to cancel transaction but it need an admin code. Transaction of Installment: allow user to view the customers that has a balance. Changing User: allow user to change account into other admin or employee. Changing Admin Code: allow admin to change the security code. Creating New Users Account: allow user to create a new user account but it need an admin code to register. There are two access levels of this system. The first and the powerful one is the Administrator. He She has the overall authority and access in the system. Another function of the administrator is that he/she maintains the system. The other one is the authorized employee that has the right of entry in the Point-of-Sale. He/She is the one responsible in accepting transactions from the customers. The administrator is providing all the usernames and passwords of the users of this system. The authorized user can to view and make an update with the reports generated by the system. The authorized user can define the date range of the report needed to view or update a certain report. He she is allowed to print the said report. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation and Inventory System is limited in terms of the devices used. The system is installed in a desktop computer instead to a touch screen monitor. The printer connected to it is an ordinary printer instead of a receipt printer. The system is not capable of accepting credit cards as a means of payment from the customer. Another thing is that it is not connected to a barcode reader that is used by different shops today. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To the Company – for their business transaction, keeping of records, adding of their stock and printing of reports. Inventory system will be proposed. To the User – this system helps the user to encode and print report easily. To the Customer – this system helped the customer to view their transaction. Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework Definition of Terms Application is a shorter form of application program. An application program is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application. Inventory is an application use for keeping records. Management is an act, art, or manner of managing, controlling, etc. Point of Sale (POS) or checkout is the place where a transaction occurs in exchange for goods or services. Receipt a written acknowledgement that something, as goods, money, etc. Sales the act of selling or exchanging something or some services for an agreed some money. Chapter II RESEARCH AND SOFTWARE DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN Method of Research Used The fundamental concentration of this study endorses the systematically and orderly gathering of all necessary data in accomplishing and completing the study. Using systematized procedures which involve a series of essential activities will lead the researchers to the development of the study. The first step in finding solution starts with a deeper understanding of the current status of the study. By doing this, different problems within the system can be identified and therefore seeking for appropriate solutions will be needed for the improvement of existing system. Data gathering procedure such as personal observation, research, survey questionnaires, and interview will be used for the acquisition of relevant data. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD The Descriptive Method is a fact finding approach with adequate interpretation. This method allows the researcher to collect data and to report from the point of view of some objectives and basic assumption of the study. It also analyses and interprets the status of the system currently in use. This method of research focuses on process, analysis, and interpretation of data being collected. It involves the interpretation of the change and supplementary training is conducted, as needed. Changes are recommended via the Change Control Authority. Evaluate/assess program performance Once the new system is up and running for a while, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures. Data Gathering Tools These are set of activities that focus in the production of data for the system to be developed. The following instruments were used for data gathering as a technique in acquiring as much as possible reliable information needed to more scientific investigation of the application to be analyzed: QUESTIONAIRE These are written and/or printed form comprising a series of question presented to a number of persons to obtain data for survey purpose. The researchers created survey questions to determine the point of view of the respondents regarding the problems that made the researchers come up with the proposed study. INTERVIEW In this part of techniques in gathering data or information. It is defined as a purposeful face-to-face relationship between two persons one of whom called interviewer who ask question to gather information and the other interviewee or respondents who supplies the information asked for. The researchers gathered data from person who are related to the subject of the study to determine the problems and able to define the ways on how to solve them. Software Evaluation This method of data gathering involves evaluation of the study and the system to the respondents. The researchers implied this tool to make it easier to gather information and feedback on the proposed study. Software evaluation is based on ISO 9126 Observation This method is used to identify and analyze the problem and the needs of the respondents. Observation is considered as the most direct means of studying people as far as behavior is concerned. The researchers used their senses in order to investigate the constraints that will affect the planning and implementation of the proposed system. The sense of sight is the most important and the most used among all the 5 senses. During observation, the researcher discovers certain that let them come up with the proposed study. Statistical Tools The statistical treatment is used in determining the measures of reliability and compared data between sampling and/or measures points. Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form. Raw data collection in only aspect of any experiment; the organization of data is equally important so that appropriate conclusion can be drawn. Weighted Mean Also known as the Average, it is defined as the sum of all scores of data divided by the numbers of scores in the data. The mean denoted by X of the scores X1, X2, X3†¦ is given by the formula: X= ∑fx/N Where: X = MeanN = Total number of scores f = frequencyx = Score in the distribution ∑ = Sum of all scores Likert’s Scale The researchers use a numerical scale, the Likert’s scale method to interpret the events of the evaluation to be made. A scale which respondents indicate their level of conformity with declaration that express favorable attitude towards a concept being deliberated. Rating Analytical Tools Interviews: with this tool we find that the company needs our proposal study. Observation: we observed that the company lost their transaction report sometimes and forgot to list the material that they used to create a finish product. Questionnaire: we find out that the company wants to use our proposal study. CHAPTER III PRESENTATION OF DATA, INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND SOFTWARE PRODUCT ANALYSIS PROJECT DESCRIPTION System General Features and System Function Figure 4-1: System Security User’s is to choose one of the Log-in forms, if they choose the admin log-in form they will be log in as admin but if they choose the employee log-in they will be log-in as employee. Figure 4-2: Admin Log-in Form User allows inputting a valid username and password of admin account to access the system. Figure 4-3: Employee Log-in Form User allows inputting a valid username and password of employee account to access the system. Figure 4-4: Splash Screen System is loading after logging in the admin/employee log-in form. It takes a few seconds before go to the main form. Figure 4-5: Main Form Main form: allow user to select inventory, sales and reports and transaction. The manage account is only for the admin, if you log-in as admin, you can manage the existing account can also create a new account. If you log-in as admin, you can add a new item, add a stock of items, view all current stocks, and print all records of inventory, daily or between dates and by category. But if you log-in as employee you cannot add the number of stocks. In sales and report, admin and employee allow printing transaction (daily, between dates, all) and installment transaction (by amount, have no balance, all). In transaction users allows creating transaction, canceling transaction and viewing the entire installment transaction. Figure 4-6: Inventory Allows admin to add a new item, add a stock of items, view all current stocks, and print all records of inventory, daily or between dates. But if you log-in as employee you cannot add the number of stocks. Figure 4-7: Current Stock Form Both admin and employee can view this form but only the admin can add the number of the stock of items. Figure 4-8: Add new Item Form The users allow adding new item. First click the â€Å"ADDNEW† button to enable the objects, second, user allows to input item type if the item category is not exist but if the item category is exist users allow to select from the combo box, input a unique item name, quantity of stocks, price per item and select the size. Figure 4-9: Updating Current Stock Form Simply select item name or type in the textbox and click the search button to view the number of stock of the item you select, after searching/selecting item name you can add the number of the item you selected. Figure 4-10: Printing Inventory Reports Form Simply select date to print all records in between dates, also in category select a category of item to print and click the preview button of all record to print all recorded item in the system. Figure 4-11: Sales and Report Form In Sales and Report Form, user allows printing transaction, simply choosing category to be print (all, daily, between dates) and printing of transaction of installment, the same in the transaction, users allows to choose either all, amount or 0 balance. Click the generate button after selecting from the category. Figure 4-12: Transaction In transaction both admin and employee allow to create transaction, cancel transaction, adding of payment for the installment transaction. Simply clicking the text and it goes to the different form of transaction. Figure 4-13: Creating Transaction Form In creating transaction user will input the customer name, address and contact number, then select the item to be sold and the payment, if the payment is installment it allow user to input the 50% of the total price. Figure 4-14: Cancelling Transaction Form In cancelling transaction form, the user must be select first the record to be cancel after clicking the record the form inform the user to input the admin code to cancel the transaction. Figure 4-15: Installment Transaction Form In installment transaction form, user will allow to select the record of customer who has a balance, after selecting user must be input the balance if the customers pay for it. Click save button to update the record and print receipt. Figure 4-18: Managing Accounts Form In managing accounts form, user allow to select in any control button, if they select the log-in other admin account the system goes to the log-in form of the admin, if the create new account selected, it goes to the creating new account form, in changing admin code, it goes to the changing account form. Figure 4-17: Managing Accounts Form In creating new account, user must be select if admin or employee the account to be creates then enter a unique username and password. After creating an account you can now use the account to be created. Figure 4-18: Changing Admin Code Form Changing Admin Code form is to change the security code that used in many process of this system. Simply input the old admin code and the new admin code and click the save button to update the new admin code. Excellent Table 5.6 Software Evaluation for all Criterion The table 5.6 shows the overall rating of all system software criteria. The system software scored 4.72 which equivalent to excellent rating. The system software performance met what is aligned with software evaluation and exhibits excellent in all criteria. Recommendation The developer of Sales and Inventory Management system would like to recommend the following improvement of the system, and also would like to recommend some ideas on innovation regarding the use of Sales and Inventory Management System. 1. The researchers would like to propose and additional enhancement on Sales and Inventory Management System, additional improvement like sounds alert, but the first intention of the researchers is to develop a system that will easily to use. 2. Enhance the GUI or Graphical User Interface of the system. This will give more interactivity and nice looking for the company users. 3. The researcher would like also to propose for future developers and/or researchers to develop a Sale and Inventory Management System that can be used via internet. 4. A Sales and Inventory Management System created for keeping reason is also recommend by the researchers. Company management can use this system online if the recommendation number 3 will done. CONCLUSION After gathering information on Sales and Inventory Management System (SIMS) and conducted a software evaluation, we are come up with the conclusion that this study will be very helpful to many company as well as the business industry to minimize error on recording inventories and every day transaction.   

Philosophy 110: Seth Bordner’s Article “Berkeley’s ‘Defense’ of ‘Commonsense’ Essay

As Seth Bordner states â€Å"Berkeley is either foolishly optimistic or knowingly dissembling, but (nearly) everyone agrees his is no defense of commonsense†. (Bordner, â€Å"Berkeley’s ‘Defense’ of ‘Commonsense’. â€Å") An appropriate starting point for Bordner’s article â€Å"Berkeley’s ‘Defense’ of ‘Commonsense’,† Bordner is an Assistant Professor who specializes in the history of modern philosophy, especially the British Empiricists. He received his Ph. D. from the University of North Carolina and has based a large portion of his work on Berkeley theories. What Bordnar so valiantly attempts, is to give the reader a better understanding Berkeley. To help one comprehend exactly what his stance was, or what he was trying to accomplish with his defense of commonsense and also he goes about defending it. At the end of the article one might have a little bit more clarity into the highly criticized and complex theories of Berkeley. Bordner also gives us the criteria as to which we will better understand Berkeley’s theories. Thus clearing up any misinterpretation or misunderstanding of Berkeley’s work. He later goes on to explain the validity or lack thereof of his critics. Berkeley’s theory definitely has many critics, and Bordner gives us a look into all of them. John Locke, who believed in Materialism and was an opponent of Berkeley’s Idealism, Jonathon Bennet, who would refer to Berkeley’s work towards commonsense objects as, disrespectful. Bordner dwells into George Pappas’s Propositional account, as well as John Russel Roberts Religious Image, and their explanation of how far off Berkeley is with his defense of commonsense. Berkeley’s opponents were labeled as atheists, skeptics, and of the â€Å"learned† component in society. The sort of, for lack of a better term, free thinker types who would galvanize the world which Berkeley worked so tirelessly to protect. Bordner goes deep into the opposition which Locke provided against Berkeley’s theories. Locke was supporter of Materialism. He believed that we naturally recognize the qualities of bodies that materialize to our senses with the real qualities of the bodies themselves that appear. We attribute to these real qualities the same existence we attribute to the bodies themselves. An existence different from the external to and independent of the existence of our opinion of them, an existence that shall continue even when no perceptions of them exist. Contrary to this, Berkeley was a strong proponent of Idealism. He was of the stance that one should trust their senses, that things we feel and see are real and that what we perceive to exist really does exist. Locke represents the â€Å"Learned† part of society which Berkeley openly detests. As Bordner states â€Å"Materialist philosophers are, as it were, vectors of a dangerous intellectual disease. † (Bordner, â€Å"Berkeley’s ‘Defense’ of ‘Commonsense’.†). It was these types that would discount commonsense as merely an afterthought to the established views of philosophical principles. It was Berkeley’s fear that if the Materialistic ideas of Locke became widely accepted, that the â€Å"Vulgar† or majority would become jeopardized. That the common folk, those who do not have the wherewithal to question the legitimacy of Locke’s theories and that they would widely accept it as the truth. Berkeley fears were that eventually if the vulgar would become skeptics, which would lead to the questioning of religious beliefs, or worse atheism amongst the masses. So as an educated man, Berkeley’s response when met with a stance of which he could not agree with, he would flat out reject it. â€Å"I agree with you. Material substance was no more than a hypothesis and a false groundless one too. I will no longer spend my breath in defense of it. † (Berkeley). Berkeley continuously favors the Vulgar throughout his defense. They represented the know nothing type, who rarely if ever thought outside the box. The common man who lives in a world less complicated. They are less of a threat, the uneducated, and the ones who would not doubt his theories or become unstable. According to Berkeley, he would have us believe that it was the vulgar were privileged group in society. He consistently sides with the vulgar throughout his defense, paints them as immature fools who are at an advantage when compared to the learned. The sort of people who could not see beyond what is right in front of them, without having the competence to seek a deeper truth. They lived in a simpler world, a world in which Berkeley’s commonsense argument was able to thrive if widely acknowledged as truth amongst the masses. Berkeley also believed that the language used by the common man was simpler. That it was developed â€Å"by and for the use of the vulgar. † (Berkeley). He frequently makes reference to the vulgar as naive to the real world, that they have no capability of being of sound mind nor do they possess the skill set to question what the learned portion of society might. They show lack of interest in speculation, because as he says â€Å"to them nothing that’s familiar appears unaccountable or difficult to comprehend. They complain not of any want of evidence in their senses, and are out of all danger of becoming skeptics. † (Berkeley, Introduction to the Principles, Works 2:25. ) When applied to a modern day situation, Locke and Berkeley would represent the powers that be. This could be in the form of political party alliances, corporate interests, or perhaps religious ties. What Berkeley saw in the Vulgar was a chance to control the majority, or the masses. It’s his goal to grab our attention and make us believe in what he is selling, campaigning on, believes in and so forth. As consumers, lost souls, or right/left wing types we will follow in accordance to what we can attach ourselves to. That we are too simple to make just and strong decisions based on our own aptitude. So by gaining our allegiance Berkeley could control us with fear and unwillingness to question his unmatched intelligence. This is what Locke represents to him. Locke brought unrest to his world. The idea of chaos amid the masses did not sit well with Berkeley. Locke did not deem the theory that â€Å"the vulgar naturally and unreflectively believe that the perceived world is the real world. † (Bordner) to be absolute. Berkeley’s theories could be characterized as monotheist. Sure, at the time of his writing his defense of commonsense there would have been a few detractors with regards to this. But when applied to a modern world, that would not be the case. The multitude of religions and belief systems would conjure up a different sort of debate. Roberts’s critique, although flawed by Bordner’s accounts, does bring into account the basis of religion. He acknowledges that those in agreement with Berkeley would knowingly acknowledge a presence of higher spirit, and/or God. When one becomes more familiar reading about Berkeley, you would become more aware of his agenda and reasoning for writing his defense. Berkeley would have a much more difficult time engaging the modern world, a world which is free of religious constraint and open to a more globalized view of religion. Berkeley was of the thought that God was needed to cause our sensations. That without him, one could not embark truly into the idea of commonsense. Berkeley himself was commonly known at the time as Bishop Berkeley. He wished to always include God in his discussions and one would also have to be of the same mindset to wholeheartedly accept his argument of commonsense. Obviously, thus lending to the idea of why Berkeley was in such opposition of scientific views and reasoning. The learned part of society was of sound mind and in a position to undermine such thoughtlessness as the commonsense theory. It’s as though he was working as a missionary, approaching the common man with his crude suggestions of commonsense and that the belief in God will guide one to enlightenment. Berkeley seems to be ignorant to the world around him. With a Eurocentric Holistic perspective he sought out those who opposed him or questioned God. And as a member of the clergy it is undoubtedly safe to say that his view of the world was swayed in the interest of the church. Thus not reflective of someone the philosophical community would openly accept as representing truisms nor worthy of non-speculative minds. By attacking the learned or educated in his world he was openly inviting skepticism from the established minds within the world of philosophy. His out of nowhere thinking and drastic change in theoretical analogy was bound to have enemies. Berkeley would go on to openly contradict himself in further writings, in letters to Percival and his dialogues that would later surface, creating even more questions about his thought process when writing his defense. He himself creates doubt about his true intent and how strongly he believes in his own defense. In closing it might be said that Bordner did a commendable job in his attempt to help the reader understand and grasp the concepts of Berkeley’s Defense of Commonsense. But what he did not do and what many still fail to do is have a true understanding of intent. Berkeley was obviously an intelligent man, but ones whose interests were swayed by both religion and obvious personal gratitude. One may never know truly if he was a believer in his own theories or if they were mere propaganda, established to control the masses and to settle unrest. Nonetheless his theories and work were groundbreaking, well thought out, and persuasive. And to this day create intriguing discussions amongst both the educated and the vulgar alike. Works Cited Berkeley. (n. d. ): Dialogues 2:182. —. â€Å"Dialogues 2:229. † (n. d. ). —. â€Å"Introduction to the Principles, Works 2:25. † (n. d. ). Bordner. (n. d. ): 322. —. â€Å"†Berkeley’s ‘Defense’ of ‘Commonsense’. â€Å". † Journal of the History of Philosophy (2011): 321.

Free Essays on Deaf And The Church

being spoken. After the service, I spoke with a gentleman who explained to me that this congregation has many Deaf parishners who attend their services regularly. That is the reason there were 4 interrupters both signing the gospel and singing with the choir. I had asked why the Minister did not sign and he explained to me that Sunday Masses have been interpreted in sign-language for thirty years. However, interpreted Sunday Masses are infrequent and even non-existent in many areas, though they are much more frequent than Masses celebrated by an ASL-signing ministers (priest), which some view as the ideal. In small localities with comparatively large pockets of ASL users, this may be practical. In general, however, the population of ASL users is small and scattered unlike some ethnic communities where virtually everyone shares a language other than English. ASL users live among hearing people (and others with hearing losses), who do not exclusively rely on ASL. Ninety percent have hearing parents, and ninety percent of their own children are hearing. In the absence of celebrants and lectors who are able to sign for themselves, an interpreter facilitates communication. Assuming equal sign language proficiency, an interpreter (who is not also speaking) is actually more understandable to an ASL user than a person who is simultaneously signing and speaking. Simultaneously trying to sign and speak interferes with the natural rhythms of both communication modes. The... Free Essays on Deaf And The Church Free Essays on Deaf And The Church Attending Sunday Service – Proclaiming God’s Word to Those Who Cannot Hear I had the opportunity to attend Mass this past Sunday (something I have not done in years) at the Valley Forge Baptist Temple in Pennsylvania. As a â€Å"hearing† person, never exposed to this forum, I found it to be extremely interesting and equally distracting. I noticed that I was captivated by the movements of the interrupters (there were 4 present) and not paying attention to the words being spoken. After the service, I spoke with a gentleman who explained to me that this congregation has many Deaf parishners who attend their services regularly. That is the reason there were 4 interrupters both signing the gospel and singing with the choir. I had asked why the Minister did not sign and he explained to me that Sunday Masses have been interpreted in sign-language for thirty years. However, interpreted Sunday Masses are infrequent and even non-existent in many areas, though they are much more frequent than Masses celebrated by an ASL-signing ministers (priest), which some view as the ideal. In small localities with comparatively large pockets of ASL users, this may be practical. In general, however, the population of ASL users is small and scattered unlike some ethnic communities where virtually everyone shares a language other than English. ASL users live among hearing people (and others with hearing losses), who do not exclusively rely on ASL. Ninety percent have hearing parents, and ninety percent of their own children are hearing. In the absence of celebrants and lectors who are able to sign for themselves, an interpreter facilitates communication. Assuming equal sign language proficiency, an interpreter (who is not also speaking) is actually more understandable to an ASL user than a person who is simultaneously signing and speaking. Simultaneously trying to sign and speak interferes with the natural rhythms of both communication modes. The...

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding How to Measure Deadrise Deadrise is measured two ways, by a linear measurement like inches or centimeters and by expressing it as an angle. Let’s look at the angular measurement first. Looking at the cross section of a hull, draw a vertical line through the center of the vessel to the bottom of the keel. The top of this vertical line should be even with the chine, which is where the hull meets the topsides. Now draw a horizontal line which intersects both sides of the chine and the top of the vertical line you drew before. You should now have a 90-degree angle formed by the vertical and horizontal lines. Draw one more line from the point where your horizontal line meets the chine to the bottom of your vertical line at the bottom center of the keel. The triangle you formed is made up of three angles. Deadrise expressed as an angle is the measurement in degrees of the bottom of the triangle. To Calculate in Linear Terms   To calculate deadrise in linear terms you will use the same triangle as above but now you will be using a ratio to express the deadrise. Much like the roof of a building, deadrise in linear terms is written as inches per foot. First, determine the number of inches from the 90-degree angle of the triangle along the horizontal leg to the chine. Next, determine the measurement in feet from the bottom of the keel to the 90-degree angle of the triangle. Take the results and write then as inches/foot. A Measurement at a Single Point on a Vessel’s Hull Deadrise is only a measurement at a single point on a vessel’s hull. Construction plans will note the deadrise at regular intervals along the length of the hull. Since deadrise is a measurement based on the position of the chine it is possible to have complex expressions of deadrise because of multi-chine and planning hulls. If you are asked to measure deadrise you should be given a point to make your measurement. For example; deadrise at 20 feet from the bow, or deadrise at rear bulkhead. Alternate Spellings Dead Rise Common Misspellings Dead Rise The Transition From Chine to Keel One way to make a quick assessment of the purpose and ride quality of a vessel is to view the stern from the rear so you can see the transition from chine to keel. If its a sharp V shape below the water means the ride will be smooth but the ship may wallow back and forth ferries and riverboats have this design so they can operate in both directions without turning around.   If the deadrise is shallow or flat at the stern the vessel will not have much roll or wallow but it will slap into the surface with each wave. A V shape allows a smooth transition while a shallower deadrise causes a sudden impact with each wave. The flat design has less drag and therefore is found on cargo ships and other low drag vessels. Cushion effect can be a problem for some heavily loaded cargo ships in shallow waters like canals. A rolled, or soft, chine means the vessel is meant to lean and roll smoothly. This is true of most sail-powered vessels where there is a counterweight in a deep keel. Take a look at all kinds of common hull shapes to understand more about their uses. The definition of draft will also be useful when learning about naval architecture.

Human Resource procedures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource procedures - Assignment Example Responding to this phenomenon, the tutor who is responsible for the Human Resource Management course of Swinburne University has tried to teach students in regard to both the theoretical and practical aspects of HR activities and processes. A series of tasks has been developed within the classroom for helping the students to understand the nature of HR procedures and their contribution in practicing HR activities. The Classroom activities related to the above course are presented below. The literature published in this field has been also employed for explaining the value of HR procedures and the challenges that a person who aims to work in this area is expected to face. Section A - HR procedures used in practicing HR activities HR procedures – overview HR procedures are partially standardized. This means that the forms of HR procedures used worldwide tend to be similar, based on frameworks and principles that have only minor differences. There is no specific definition in reg ard to HR processes. Rather, the role and the characteristics of these processes can be understood by checking their position in the context of HR management. The HR management, as a concept, has a series of functions, which are divided into categories, such as ‘political, environmental, social and so on’ (Mathis and Jackson 2010, p.6). ... Selection process The selection process has a vital role: it aims to identify the level at which a candidate is appropriate for a particular role, i.e. whether the candidate meets the requirements of a position, as these requirements have been already set using the Job Analysis Process (Armstrong 2012). The success of the selection process is depended on the effectiveness of the schemes chosen for developing the above process. Interviews are commonly used as a tool for selecting employees (Armstrong 2012). Interviews have been related to a series of advantages: a) the interviewer has the chance for a face-to-face discussion with the candidate, a condition that it is necessary in order to check the candidate’s perceptions in regard to a series of issues and to understand his readiness to identify solutions for emergent problems, as these problems can be set, as examples, by the interviewer (Armstrong 2012); b) through the interview the interviewer is able to check whether the c andidate would fit in the business environment and in the position to which the interview refers (Armstrong 2012), c) during the interview the candidate has the chance to set questions in regard to the organizational environment and the characteristics/ demands of the particular position (Armstrong 2012). However, the interview has also certain disadvantages, such as the excessive dependency on the interviewer’s skills and the risk of developing false impression for the suitability of a candidate for a specific position (Armstrong 2012). The risks to which interviews are exposed could be minimized by using structured interviews, i.e. ‘interviews based on a defined framework’ (Armstrong 2012, p.230). It should be noted that in each